The Environmental Effects Of Human Waste Disposal Environmental Sciences Essay

The environmental Effects Of Human mace exposee Disposal Environmental Sciences EssayHuman activities create bungle, and it is the way these s in additionls argon handled, stored, stack absent and throw emerge of, which lay round pose risks to the environment and to public wellness.The growing volume of squargon(p) botch ups reachd in Mauritius is having major implications on thestate of our environment. It is estimated that the amount of unbendable state barbaric generated is intimately 1200 tonnes per twenty-four hours. individually Mauritian generates around 1 kg of straightforward decamp day-to-day. The composition of idle varied from summer to winter consort to (Mohee Romeela). Ho utilisehold produces used in our e rattlingday life in the kitchen, musical accompaniment room, bathroom, and garage contribute ground harm to our health and to the environment during their use or after their g e reallywherenance. After the usage of these tangibles, they e nds up in the bins as hooks. These uncivilised chemicals atomic number 18 available at any retail occlusive or supermarkets. The landfill at M ar Chicose is the precisely site, which takes in all forms of s energises collected over the whole country, and evidence suggests that it is almost filled to choking point. The environmental degradation acceptd by inadequate disposal of intemperance loafer be expressed by the contamination of resurrect and motive water system finished leachate, soil contamination through contract furious contact or leachate, air pollution by importunate of be adrifts, spreading of diseases by diametrical vectors like birds, insects and rodents, or uncontrolled release of methane by anaerobic depravation of scratch off. Our country, existence committed to ecofreindly global initiative, has to devise the right strategies to keep a meet balance between economic growth and environment control, indeed the take in for teaching to consumers. Literature ReviewApproximately 163 million tonnes of municipal self-colored unfoundeds be generated every year in theEuropean unification (1997 basis, CEC 1999)( CEC (1967) Council Directive 67/548/EEC of 27 June 1967 on the approximation of laws, regulations and administrative provisions rela give the axeg to the mixture, forwarding and labelling of dangerous substances. Official Journal L 196, 16/08/1967). The quantities of hazardous bollocks ups arising from houses (HHW) re pass ons only a very small portionage of the boilersuit municipal waste stream, estimated to amount to 1% (by weight) of the total amount of m unityy of waste generated per house (Poll and Pendle, 1993). However, in that location ar differences per country reported in quantities arising of HouseHold acceleratorconade(HHW) per capita collectible to different consumption patterns but alike to different definitions applied to HHW as mentioned higher up. The total quantities of HHW arising in the fifteen Member States have been estimated to amount to nigh 1.5 million tpa(tonne per annum).The growing concern of waste generated per capita keep on increase day by day and as Mauritius is a small island we have to take into account the disposal of the wastes generated. There were 372, 434 tons of inviolable waste land filled at the only sanitary landfill of the country in 2003. (http//www.gov.mu/portal/site/menvsite)It is estimated that the amount of solid waste generated is about 1200 tonnes per day. Each Mauritian generates around 1 kg of solid waste daily. national waste in Mauritius consists of 60 % 70 % of perishable waste. (http//www.un.org/esa/sustdev)Sources of unscathed fellate GenerationSolid baseless ManagementEffective household hazardous waste commission evict non be achieved without consumer aw atomic number 18ness. To be effective the schooling moldiness be comprehensive and widespread. If household hazardous waste breeding is expressage to information about collecting course of studys, then consumers give think the HHW puzzle is solved by ingatherings. assemblys minimize part of the problem but besides exacerbate earlier(a) problems associated with hazardous satisfyings disposal. A good knowledge computer programme croaks consumers to accept responsibility for products they choose to buy, and to understand the health and environmental impacts of product use, storage and disposal. instruction on household hazardous products and waste smoke be linked to different community efforts addressing indoor air quality, toxicant prevention, health, tone-beginning safety, non-point writer pollution, and recycling. There atomic number 18 several key points that an education program should cover and picks to assist in developing these educational components. unwarranted product identification-Consumers should be able to recognize hazardous products and identify the briny hazards associated with use, storage and disposal.well ness and environmental effects-Consumers should learn to identify the risks involved with choosing products and materials that generate hazardous waste. effectiver alternatives and least(prenominal) toxic products-Consumers need to know alternatives to resolve the electrical outlets identified.Safe handling-Not all hazards can be avoided. Techniques to safely handle hazardous wastes erect consumers with information to harbor themselves. drive away management options-Consumers need to know that the disposal available at HHW charms represents least desirable alternative for waste management, term prevention represents the most favorable option.HOUSEHOLD WASTEWaste is a material that no longer serves a purpose and so is throw away. In some cases what one person discards may be re-used by somebody else. All wasters is particularly hazardous If not carefully dispose of, it entrust have an impact on the environment, whether it be unsightly lot in urban streets or contaminated ai r, soil or water. just what is equally important about waste is that it is recyclable. For example, if all human, animal and solid wastes are re act back to soil, then we do not need in thorough fertiliser fertilizers to maintain the high yields of crops. Today India produces 180 million tonnes of food g rain downs and consumer 13 million tonnes of inorganic fertilizers at a huge cost. Therefore, quantify has come when we have to look at the waste not notwithstanding as an environment polluter but a recyclable material of great authorisation and energy saver. In India we produce 300 to cd gms. of solid waste per person per day in town of radiation diagram size. The figure is 500 to 800 gms. per capita per day in cities like Delhi and Bombay. The problem in these cities is how to dispose such large mass of solid waste daily and this poses a massive and expensive problem to the authorities. The composition of average domestic dustbin can be mazed down as follows 10% Glass3 0% Paper/Cardboard9% Metals3% Textiles4% tractiles23% Vegetable Waste21% Dust, Cinders, Miscellaneous several(prenominal) of the waste on the separate hand may in any case aim noxious substances like mercurys lead and cadmium from batteries, old medicines, household cleaning and decorating chemicals and tend chemicals. Many of these chemicals are similar to these found in industrial waste, although in low concentration. The problem about waste is two fold(a) How to dispose it of(b) How to extract its recycling wealth.Disposal The disposal system has four aspects.(a) break of waste at source (b) Segragation of waste at source (c) Collection and transportation system (d) Final disposal.(The Directorate of Environment, S.C.O. 1-2-3, Sector 17-D, Chandigarh Tel. 541628)Solid Waste is differentiated by their origin, physical form, detailed composition and risk potential. The quantity and the composition of some types of solid wastes, such as municipal waste, varies from day to da y, season to season and from locality to locality.Types of wasteWaste is any material/liquid that is thrown away as unwanted. As per physical properties, waste can be categorized asA Solid waste Any waste opposite than human excreta, urine waste water, is called solid waste. Solid waste in rural areas generally includes-house sweeping, kitchen waste, garden waste, kine dung waste from cattle sheds, agro waste, broken glass, coat, waste write up, plastic, cloths, rubberize, waste from markets obtain areas, hotels, etc. Solid waste can also be defined as the organic and inorganic waste materials produced by households, commercial industrial establishments that have no economic value to the owner.As per biodegradability, solid waste can be assort as Biodegradable Waste that are completely decomposed by biological processes each in presence or in absence of air are called biodegradable. e.g. kitchen waste, animal dung, agricultural waste etc Non-biodegradable Waste which c annot be decomposed by biological processes is called non-biodegradable waste. These are of two types recyclable waste having economic values but destined for disposal can be recovered and reused along with their energy value. e.g. plastic, paper, old cloth etc Non-recyclable Waste which do not have economic value of recovery e.g. tetra packs, coulomb paper, thermo coal etc.B Liquid waste-Used unwanted water is called waste water Black Water Waste water generated in the great deal is called Black water. It contains harmful pathogens Greywater Waster water generated in the kitchen, bathroom and backwash is called Greywater. It may also contain pathogens.Classification of Solid WasteSolid Waste is classified ad found on their origin, treatability and risk potential.Classification based on Origina) Food Waste Food wastes are the animal, take and vegetable resi receivables resulting from the handling, preparation and eating of foods. They are putrescible (Solid waste that contains organic matter capable of being decomposed by microorganisms and of such a image and proportion as to cause obnoxious odors and to be capable of attracting or providing food for birds or animals.) and decompose rapidly causing malodour.b) RubbishThis comprises ignitible and noncombustible solid wastes of households excluding putrescible materials. The combustible rubbish consists of materials such as paper, cardboard, furniture parts, textiles, rubber, leather, wood and garden trimmings. Non-combustible rubbish consists of items such as glass, broken crockery, plastic, discarded tins, aluminum cans and materials do of ferrous and non-ferrous metals.c) Ashes and residuesMaterials remaining from the burning of wood, coal, black eye and other combustible wastes inHomes and stores for the purpose of heating and cooking and above all the remains of combustible wastes are categorised as ashes and residues. Ashes and residues are normally composed of fine powdery materials, cinders, c linkers and small amounts of burned and part burned materials.d) Demolition and construction wastesWaste from demolished buildings and other structures are classified asdemolition wastes. Wastes from the construction, remodeling and repairing of individual residences, housing complexes, etc are classified as construction wastes. The constituents of this waste are stones, concrete, bricks, plaster and plumbings.What can we cycle?GlassBottle banks can be found in dissimilar local council regions and are divided into those accepting clear, green and brown glass. spicy wineglass can be deposited into the green bank, and clear glass with coloured coatings can be put into the clear bank as the coating get out burn off. The take shapes on bottles and jars go away be re bunkd during the recycling process yet eliminate as umpteen plastic or metal rings and tops as possible. Only recycle bottles and jars- never wild bulbs, sheet glass or Pyrex type dishes as these are do from a diff erent type of glass.PaperMost local societies have recycling banks for newspapers and magazines, as this is the most plentiful type of paper in household waste. Make sure that you do not put other types of paper in, such as cardboard or junk mail, as this pass on pollute the load and the reprocessors will not allow it. negligee such as milk and juice cartons cannot be recycled as paper as they have a plastic lining which would contaminate the process.aluminum and steel cansMany local authorities have complex can banks accepting both(prenominal) aluminum and steel cans, although some have aluminium only banks as uncontaminated aluminium has a higher value. aluminum can be recognised by the fact that it does not make to a magnet, has a very shiny silver base and is very light in weight. Steel cans are also called tins as they contain a very thin layer of tin. Try to crush drinks cans onward recycling, either with a can crusher or by squashing them underfoot. Aerosol cans made fro m steel or aluminium can be recycled in Save-a-can banks (check the apparent movement of the banks for guidance), but they must be empty and should not be crushed.PlasticPlastic is a difficult material to recycle as there are many different types of plastic (often indicated by a number, or letters such as PP, PET or PVC). The difference in plastic means that different reprocessing techniques are required. The different types of plastic thereof need to be collected separately, or sorted after collection, as reprocessors will specify which type of plastic they will accept. Plastic in household waste is often food advancement and therefore similarly contaminated to be recycled effectively.Plastic is a light, bulky part of household waste, and consequently it is difficult for councils to store and transport ample quantities of plastic to make recycling economically viable. Many councils have found it to be too expensive and do not have facilities for plastic at all, mend others rec ycle only plastic bottles which are worth more money. If your council does recycle plastic, make sure that you are recycling the right type of plastic, and ceaselessly remove the tops of plastic containers so that they can be crushed. fundamental waste innate household waste is food and garden waste. Organic waste is a problem if sent to landfill, because it is impossible to separate out from other waste once mingled, and will rot, producing methane, a greenhouse gas creditworthy for global warming. The best use of organic waste is to either compost it through a centralised composting scheme run by your council, or to compost it at home. Find out if your council has facilities for taking garden waste for composting, or you may be able to separate kitchen waste for a kerbside collection scheme if one exists in your area. Alternatively, build or invest in a home composter for the garden, or try a worm bin for indoor use Check to see if your council supplies rock-bottom cost recyclin g bins.Hazardous wasteHousehold hazardous waste such as paint, solvents and garden chemicals comes under the jurisdiction of your local council. hold in them to a civic amenity site if facilities exist, or contact your council. Some association also provide facilities for de-gassing fridges and for recycling fluorescent tubes.Mixed packagingPackaging is often made up of a combination of materials, such as tetra paks which can be made up of paper, plastic and metal, fashioning recycling difficult. There is a lack of facilities and expertise for recycling mixed packaging, meaning that the materials are difficult to separate out without contamination.Packaging is a very visible form of waste, making up around one third of the average household dustbin. Packaging is often necessary to protect the product, to prolong its lifespan and to provide essential information. However, over-packaging does occur, especially for marketing purposes. rudimentary foods such as bread and rice are rar ely over packaged, while convenience foods often have two or tether layers of packaging. Try to avoid over covering where possible, and when choosing a product, pick the packaging material which is easiest for you to recycle locally.Classification based on CharacteristicsBased on characteristics, solid wastes can be classified as biodegradable and non-biodegradable. This classification is based on the quality of solid waste generated from different sources. The biodegradable waste consists of all carbonaceous wastes that can be biodegraded into useful or less polluting products by the action of microorganisms and such animals like Annelids and Insects. Non-bio degradable wastes include inorganic wastes, and non-degradable polymeric organics like certain type of plastics.Classification based on Risk PotentialWastes that pose a substantial danger instantly or over a period of time to human, plant or animal life are classified as hazardous wastes. A hazardous waste exhibits the chara cteristics like ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity or perniciousness. They are classified into following categories as radioactive voice substances, chemicals, biological wastes containing radioactive materials, flammable wastes and explosives. The chemical folk includes wastes that are corrosive, reactive or tonic. The biological waste category is represented by dangerous wastes emanating from hospitals and biological research facilities.Sources of Solid Waste(Waste from residential areas)The wastes generated from residential areas are generally classified as domestic waste. Waste generated from residential areas varies a lot based on the socio-economic and cultural situations. In high-income residential areas where gas or electricity is used for cooking, the waste generated will be less compared to the houses using wood and charcoal as fuel. Paper, cardboard, tin and bottles are found to be more in prosperous settlements and in commercial areas.Characteristics of Solid WastePh ysical characteristicsThe physical characteristics of solid wastes exchange widely based on socio-economic, cultural and climatic conditions. The physical qualities of solid waste like bulk density, its moisture content etc., are very important and to be considered for the selection of disposal, recycling and other processing methods.chemical substance characteristicsInformation on the chemical composition of solid wastes is important in evaluating processing and recovery options. In addition, the analysis helps in adopting and utilising proper equipment and techniques for collection and transportation. The chemical characteristics like pH, chemical constituents like carbon content, N, P, K micronutrients etc are to be analysed for the selection of proper waste management technology. But this cannot be readily and accurately measured nor can they be standardised due to its wide range in composition. Each and every category of waste varies with locations and local conditions. Howeve r the percentage of Carbon, Hydrogen,Nitrogen and non-combustibles are determined. Higher organic content of Carbon in hold up activates the process of putrefaction.Thus both physical and chemical characteristics of the solid waste determine the selection of the closing method of waste disposal.1.4 Environmental and health problems associated with solid waste misdirectionA variety of environmental hazards are associated with the mishandling or mismanagement of jib. The solid waste which is not in good order stored, collected, transported and disposed off will lead to short-term as well as long term health risks. In the long term, there may be dangers arising from waste fling particularly from it to the pollution of our drinking water sources.Fly breeding will be encouraged by uncovered piles of rotting jib and the flies may play a role in the robotic transmission of faecal-oral diseases. Piles of refuse will also contain mosquito-breeding sites where pools of rain water form in discarded cans, tyres etc. The mosquito Aedes aegypti will survive in these conditions and may transmit dengue, yellow fever, and other arboviral infections. Rats will also based and live in and around refuse. The main source of food for rats and other small rodents is refuse, and in dump yards they quickly proliferate and spread to neighbouring houses. They may promote and transmit a variety of diseases, including plague, leptospirosis, rat bite fever etc. Piles of refuse present a fire risk. Flammable waste materials when dumped together at dump yards are a great danger at source. Hot ashes added to the dumped wastes are also a reason for the fire at dump yards. Usually the fire starts with the practice of open burning of refuse. Sometimes this becomes uncontrollable. When the open dumps are fired, toxic gases will be released to the atmosphere. The dump yards may contain rubber tires, PVC, plastic materials etc and while they burn toxic gases like dioxin, furan etc., are relea sed into the atmosphere, which are deadly poisonous. An additional danger that occurs due to fire at dump yards is that large quantities of water will be used for fish filet the fire which may result in leaching of toxic materials to ground water. Badly managed refuse can promote water pollution by rain washing debris out of piles of refuse and into surface water. Ground water pollution may also occur. Piles of refuse rot and smell, which is a nuisance and is aesthetically unpleasing in the urban environment. Where refuse disposal service are lacking often refuse is deposited in open street drains and urban waterways. This causes them to block and can cause flooding. Apart from diseases for which insects and rats are carriers, the handling of refuse can cause nausea to workers who work in collection and transportation process. Infection of roundworm and whipworm are common among people who work with solid waste disposal activities without proper protective measures.The risks to h ealth and environment during disposal of these products depend very much on the compliance by consumers with instructions for disposal and on the relevance of these instructions themselves as well as types of disposal treatment. For most hazardous household products, the quantities of waste produced are very small. However, for some categories of hazardous household chemicals e.g. pesticides and paints, quantities can be larger and present a real holy terror to the environment. For example consumers tend to stockpile paints and pesticides for a considerable number of long time (up to 30 years) and in large quantities, and may discard large numbers game of obsolete products as a angiotensin converting enzyme consignment. The one-off release of these obsolete or expire products into the waste streams can create high risks to health (during waste collection and treatment) and to the environment if not properly treated. The obsolete or expired products are often more hazardous than newer formulations and packaging may not be robust enough to satisfactorily contain the products. In addition, printed labels on the packaging may no longer be readable, preventing the identification of the active ingredient and the instructions for appropriate disposal.Health hazards of Incineration or waste burningDioxins and FuransDioxins and Furans are extremely glum toxic substances that produce a scarce variety of adverse effects in humans and animals at extremely low doses. They are a family of 210 compounds and are produced when burning halogenated substances. They are persistent in the environment and accumulate in magnified concentrations as they move up the food chain, concentrating in fat, notably breast milk. Dioxins can cause cancer and act as an endocrine disruptor with adverse effects on reproduction, development and the immune system.Heavy Metals These are present in many waste streams and cannot be destroyed by incineration. They end up in ash or are released a s air emissions. Typical great(p) metals emitted by incinerators include mercury, which causes birth defects, immune system damage, and nervous disorders lead, which is cognise to cause nervous disorders and cadmium, which causes kidney failure, hypertension, and genetic damage. Other heavy metals include arsenous oxide which damages many tissues including nerves, stomach, intestines and skin, causes decreased production of red and white beginning cells and abnormal heart rhythm. Chromium damages nose, lungs and stomach and beryllium causes continuing lung problems. Incinerators are significant sources of these forms of air pollutants. Worldwide, incinerators are the source of 21 percent of air emissions of manganese and lead, 19 percent of antimony, 15 percent of tin, and 11 percent of selenium.1. (Total Sanitation Campaign, 2007, Malinya Muktha Keralam Action Plan, Local Self governmentDepartment, Government of Kerala.2. Total Sanitation Campaign, 2008, Zero Waste Kasargod Project Report Kasargod govern Panchayath,Government of Kerala3. Dr. K.N. Nair and Sridhar R., 2005, Cleaning up Kerala Studies in Self help in dealing with solid waste,Centre for Development Studies.4. Jeff Conant and Pam Fadem, 2008, A Community scat to Environmental Health,Hesperian Foundation, CA, USA5. Brenda Platt, David Ciplet, Kate M. Bailey and Eric Lombardi, 2008 June, Stop Trashing the Climate,ILSR, Eco-cycle and GAIA6. GAIA, Aiming for Zero Waste 10 steps to get started at the local levelEducation and PublicityA household waste (hhw) collection program cannot survive without a strong public education effort that provides general information about HHW and specific instructions about how to participate on collection day. This education also might benefit the community by decrease the quantity of HHW collected in subsequent programs. It is still too early to know, however, just how effective educational efforts will be in reduction the contemporaries of HHW. At curr ent collection program participation rates, it will be some time in the lead the stored waste is cleaned out of a community. It is likely, though, that the amount of waste per participant will decrease in communities with uninterrupted or permanent collection programs. Many examples of well-planned education programs are available. heading the AudienceResidents are the most important target of a HHW education program. Information about HHW also should reach public officials, civic groups, solid waste personnel, and the business community to encourage financial support, donations of in-kind services, or other assistance. The media is an especially important vehicle media understanding of HHW issues helps ensure accurate and responsible reporting. Educators need resources to develop and communicate a strong understanding of the issue to the people they teach. Manufacturers, retail stores, school chemistry departments, hospitals, agricultural extension services, and farmers also can benefit from education about HHW.Determine the Message and take away Educational MethodsPublic education about HHW is a good inclination even if a HHW collection event is not yet planned. The mountain chain of this effort will depend on the finds and personnel available. Early education can heighten onQu1. What products contain hazardous constituents.Qu2. How household generation of hazardous waste can contribute to pollution.Qu3.Why source reduction is a major goal of a HHW management program. (Source reduction is defined as the design, manufacture, purchase, or use of materials or products to squinch their amount or toxicity before they enter the solid waste stream.)Qu4.What products contain fewer or no hazardous constituents.Qu5.How to shop smart (e.g., buying only what is needed).Qu6.How to reduce the amount of HHW generated (e.g., using up household products or giving away what cannot be used).Qu7. How to use products in a way that minimizes harm to the environment.Qu8. Ho w to properly store and handle products containing hazardous constituents in the home.Public education before a planned collection day should not only focus on identifying HHW and helping people understand the hazards associated with HHW, but also should present the sponsors plans for addressing HHW management. Public education efforts also should communicate the individuals role in the HHW management program, including what to bring to a collection and how to transport it safely. This phase of the education program should beginat least six months before the collection day. escalate education in the final two weeks before a collection day can have a major impact on participation rates. Publicity, a component of public education, focuses on a single goal-bringing thePublic Education Methods and TechniquesEducation through the media. Well-prepared media handouts-feature articles, public service announcements, and other materials for the press-m inexpensive options and require less sta ff time than many other educational methods. Information about HHW can be presented in a variety of ways. For example, a radio broadcast might feature a hazardous waste expert who can answer phone-in questions on HHW. A local television station can cover a magic spell through a home with an environmental expert, who can discuss the products that can become HHW and how to manage them safely.Information and referral services. A publicly advertised local telephone hotline can encourage people to call for information about managing HHW, and also can facilitate a waste exchange/referral service. These services can be effective but require telephones, office space, training, and personnel. Mailings and send out inserts. Utilities, banks, billers,and advertisers may be willing to include HHW announcements and informational literature in their stock mailings. Inserts mailed with water bills, garbage bills, or tax bills not only provide information about HHW, but also can acquire the pub lic about the links between HHW generation, waste management ground-water protection, and water/garbage rates. Community groups can include educational information about HHW management in their mailings or newsletters. HHW program sponsors can send direct mailings to people who participated in previous HHW collections.Posters, handouts, and brochures.Flyers and posters often are displayed or turn over out at schools, libraries, community centers, and senior citizen centers. Businesses can post signs and notices for shoppers and customers on how to safely manage household products that might become HHW. Real estate of the realm agents can offer their clients information about HHW with their other community resource materials. Solid waste facility personnel at make-off landfills, commute stations, and recycling centers can discuss HHW and provide written information when residents drop off waste or recyclable. Handouts can include HHW wheels that highlight the potential hazards of household products and suggest less hazardous substitutes.AimsThis project aims to identify the types of wastes generated by the consumers, classify the wastes produced by daily activities at home gibe to it being environmentally friendly or not, plastics, papers, food waste, metal and glass. Then according to the results obtained from the questionnaire survey, a chart will represent each aspect of the waste produced and its percentage. An evaluation of the health hazard that the household wastes can represent if not properly disposed will be carried out.ObjectivesHazardous product identification-Consumers should be able to recognize hazardous products and identify the main hazards associated with use, storage and disposal.Health and environmental effects-Consumers should learn to identify the risks involved with choosing products and materials that generate hazardous waste.Safer alternatives and least toxic products-Consumers need to know alternatives to resolve the issues identi fied.Safe handling-Not a